Pre-Eclampsia in Pregnancy: Causes, Symptoms, Management & Nursing Care (GNM) | NursingNotesGNM
Pre-Eclampsia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Management & Nursing Care
Introduction
Pre-eclampsia is one of the most important complications of pregnancy and a major cause of maternal and fetal morbidity. It usually appears after 20 weeks of gestation and is characterized by high blood pressure and protein in urine, along with systemic involvement of organs such as kidneys, liver, brain, and placenta.
This article explains pre-eclampsia in a simple, exam-oriented, especially useful for GNM nursing students.
Table of Contents
What is Pre-Eclampsia?
Causes of Pre-Eclampsia
Types of Pre-Eclampsia
Diagnosis
Nursing Management
Prevention
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Conclusion
What is Pre-Eclampsia?
Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorder occurring after 20 weeks of gestation, associated with:
Blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg
Proteinuria
Edema or organ dysfunction
If untreated, it may progress to eclampsia (seizures).
Causes of Pre-Eclampsia
The exact cause is unknown. Possible contributing factors include:
Reduced uteroplacental blood flow
Endothelial dysfunction
Immune maladaptation
Genetic predisposition
Pathophysiology (Brief)
Abnormal placental implantation causes generalized vasospasm leading to:
Increased blood pressure
Reduced organ perfusion
Leakage of fluid into tissues
Damage to kidneys, liver, brain, and placenta
Risk Factors
First pregnancy
Age below 18 or above 35 years
Multiple pregnancy
Obesity
Diabetes mellitus
Chronic hypertension
Previous history of pre-eclampsia
Signs and Symptoms
Mild Pre-Eclampsia
BP ≥140/90 mmHg
Proteinuria
Swelling of face and hands
Sudden weight gain
Severe Pre-Eclampsia
Severe headache
Blurred vision
Epigastric pain
Reduced urine output
Hyperreflexia
Shortness of breath
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on:
Blood pressure measurement
Urine protein testing
Blood investigations (LFT, RFT, platelet count)
Fetal monitoring (Ultrasound / NST)
Management of Pre-Eclampsia
Medical Management
Antihypertensive drugs (labetalol, nifedipine)
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures
Bed rest and close monitoring
Timely delivery (definitive treatment)
Nursing Management (GNM Important)
Monitor blood pressure regularly
Check urine output and protein
Observe for danger signs (headache, blurred vision, epigastric pain)
Maintain seizure precautions
Record intake and output
Monitor fetal heart rate
Provide emotional support
Educate mother about warning signs
Complications
Maternal Complications
Eclampsia
Placental abruption
Renal failure
Stroke
Fetal Complications
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
Prematurity
Low birth weight
Stillbirth
Prevention
Regular antenatal check-ups
Early blood pressure screening
Healthy balanced diet
Adequate rest
Prompt reporting of warning symptoms
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q1. What is the main cause of pre-eclampsia?
Abnormal placental development leading to vascular dysfunction.
Q2. When does pre-eclampsia usually occur?
After 20 weeks of pregnancy.
Q3. What is the definitive treatment for pre-eclampsia?
Delivery of the baby and placenta.
Q4. Can pre-eclampsia be cured?
It resolves after delivery, but early management prevents complications.
Q5. Is pre-eclampsia dangerous?
Yes, it can be life-threatening for both mother and baby if untreated.
Conclusion
Pre-eclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication requiring early detection, continuous monitoring, and timely management. Nurses play a vital role in identifying warning signs, providing care, and educating mothers. With proper antenatal care, most complications can be prevented, ensuring safety for both mother and fetus.
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