10 Mark Long Answer Questions on Excretory System GNM 1st Year | NursingNotesGNM

 

10 Mark Long Answer Questions – Excretory System | GNM 1st Year Anatomy & Physiology

By NursingNotesGNM | Updated for GNM Final Exam 2026

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Introduction

Ten‑mark questions are high‑scoring in GNM 1st year Anatomy & Physiology examinations. Writing answers with proper headings, points, and diagrams (if possible) helps students secure full marks. This Blogger‑ready post provides important 10‑mark long answer questions with answers from the Excretory System for nursing exam preparation.

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🧠 10 Mark Long Answer Questions with Answers – Excretory System

1. Describe the structure of kidney with functions.

Answer:

The kidneys are paired, bean‑shaped organs situated on either side of the vertebral column.

Structure of Kidney:

• Renal capsule – outer covering

• Renal cortex – outer region

• Renal medulla – inner region with pyramids

• Renal pelvis – collects urine

Each kidney contains about one million nephrons.

Functions:

• Excretion of waste products

• Regulation of water and electrolytes

• Maintenance of acid–base balance

• Regulation of blood pressure

• Production of erythropoietin

• Activation of vitamin D

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2. Explain nephron with its parts and functions.

Answer:

Nephron is the structural and functional unit of kidney.

Parts of Nephron:

• Bowman’s capsule

• Glomerulus

• Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

• Loop of Henle

• Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

• Collecting duct

Functions:

• Filtration of blood

• Reabsorption of useful substances

• Secretion of waste products

• Formation of urine

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3. Describe the process of urine formation.

Answer:

Urine formation occurs in three stages:

1. Glomerular Filtration: Blood is filtered in the glomerulus.

2. Tubular Reabsorption: Useful substances like glucose, water, and electrolytes are reabsorbed mainly in PCT.

3. Tubular Secretion: Waste substances are secreted into renal tubules.

The final urine is collected in renal pelvis and transported to bladder.

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4. Write in detail about hormones related to kidney.

Answer:

1. ADH: Increases water reabsorption.

2. Aldosterone: Regulates sodium and potassium balance.

3. Renin: Helps control blood pressure.

4. Erythropoietin: Stimulates RBC production.

5. Vitamin D activation: Helps calcium absorption.

These hormones help maintain homeostasis.

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5. Describe urinary bladder and mechanism of micturition.

Answer:

Urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ that stores urine.

Functions:

• Temporary storage of urine

• Expulsion of urine

Micturition: It is the process of emptying urine from bladder through urethra. It is controlled by reflex action and voluntary muscles.

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6. Explain common disorders of excretory system.

Answer:

• UTI – infection of urinary tract

• Hematuria – blood in urine

• Oliguria – decreased urine output

• Anuria – absence of urine

• Renal calculi – kidney stones

• Proteinuria – protein in urine

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✅ Exam Writing Tips

• Use headings and subheadings

• Write answers in points

• Draw neat diagrams if asked

• Highlight keywords

• Practice regularly

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Conclusion

Ten‑mark questions from the Excretory System play a major role in GNM 1st year Anatomy & Physiology exams. Understanding kidney structure, nephron, urine formation, hormones, and disorders helps score maximum marks. Regular practice of these answers improves confidence and writing skills.

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Medical Disclaimer

This content is for educational purposes only and not a substitute for professional medical advice.

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